Charles the 1st biography of mahatma
Charles I of England
| Charles I | |
|---|---|
Portrait from the studio of Anthony van Dyck, | |
| Reign | 27 March &#;– 30 January |
| Coronation | 2 February |
| Predecessor | James I |
| Successor | |
| Reign | 27 March &#;– 30 January |
| Coronation | 18 June |
| Predecessor | James VI |
| Successor | Charles II |
| Born | ()19 November Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Scotland |
| Died | 30 January () (aged&#;48) Whitehall, London, England |
| Burial | 9 February St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, England |
| Spouse | |
| Issue Detail | |
| House | Stuart |
| Father | James VI of Scotland and I of England |
| Mother | Anne of Denmark |
| Religion | Anglican |
Charles I (19 November – 30 January ),[1] was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March until his execution in [2] He was a son of James VI and I.
He was married to Henrietta Maria of France. He was executed during the English Civil War.
Early life
[change | change source]Charles was born at Dunfermline Palace in Fife, Scotland, before his father James VI and I came to the throne of England.
Charles came to England in When Charles's older brother Henry Frederick died in , Charles became the Prince of Wales and the heir apparent to his father's kingdoms.[3] He had an elder brother, Henry, who was clever, handsome, popular, and rich, and next in line for the throne.
Henry died suddenly in , and then his brother Charles was made Prince of Wales in his place, showing that he was now the heir to the throne. Charles was less suited to be king than Henry had been, because he was small and weak and not as clever.
After his brother died, the person Charles was closest to was George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who was also his father's best friend.
The Duke of Buckingham was very powerful and rich, but was not popular with most common people.
Charles the 1st biography of mahatma1: Strafford's fall from power weakened Charles's influence in Ireland. Charles was moved to Hurst Castle at the end of , and thereafter to Windsor Castle. He was beheaded in London, England, on January 30, Princes of Wales.
He took Charles to Spain in the hope of finding him a Spanish princess as a bride, but they had a lot of problems on the journey and could not persuade the Spanish king to give them his daughter as a wife for Charles.
Charles sat in the Parliament of England's House of Lords in King James wanted Charles to marryMaria Anna of Spain because she was the sister of Philip IV of Spain.
Charles travelled to Spain to meet Maria in , but the journey was a disaster, the two did not marry, and Charles became an enemy of Spain.[3]
On the way home, Charles went through France again, and there Charles met the French royal family.
Charles married Henrietta Maria of France because she was the sister of the French king, Louis XIII, and planned to fight Spain.
The Parliament of England convened in because of Charles's plans. King James did not want a war, but he died in [3]
Charles' religion
[change | change source]His religious policies, and his marriage to a Roman Catholic, made him mistrusted by Reformed groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views were too Catholic.
He supported "high church" Anglican ecclesiastics, and failed to help Protestant forces enough in the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and were a cause of his downfall.
Charles the 1st biography of mahatma gandhi C53 T75 Once this had failed civil war became virtually unavoidable. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars , strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall. Charles had to contend with a parliament that disagreed with his military spending.King
[change | change source]Charles, now the king, convened the parliament again in The parliament did not give the king what the king wanted. The men in parliament did not like Charles's friend George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham had gone with Charles to Spain and later helped him to marry Henrietta Maria. When Buckingham led the Royal Navy to attack Cadiz in Spain, the campaign was a failure, and the Parliament of England impeached him.
Because of this, Charles stopped (dissolved) the parliament. He also wanted to send soldiers to help Protestants in the Kingdom of France, and made demands for more money as payment for the army. This campaign was also a failure, and the king had to agree to the Petition of Right in An army officer assassinated Buckingham that summer.[3]
The Parliament of England convened again in There were many disagreements about religion and the organization of the Church of England.
Charles gave support to the "High Church" group, but the parliament gave their support to the "Low Church" group. Charles supported Arminianism, but the parliament's House of Commons tried to make Arminianism illegal. To stop the House of Commons, the king again dissolved the parliament. Some members of parliament in the House of Commons tried to continue their session, but the king put them in prison.
Charles continued to support Arminians in the Church of England, with the inclusion of William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury (the chief bishop of all England). The population disliked Laud and the Arminians, and disliked Charles's taxes. Between and , the king controlled the government alone.
Charles I - Accomplishments, Religion & Facts - Biography Another shortcoming which can again be traced back to his lack of self-assurance, was his unwillingness to bargain and negotiate. By the time of his death in March , Charles and Buckingham had already assumed de facto control of the kingdom. With the monarchy overthrown, England became a republic or " Commonwealth ". But this is to misunderstand their purpose.There was no parliament. This time has the name "Personal Rule" or the "Eleven Years' Tyranny".[3]
This made Charles very unpopular with the people, who did not like the different taxes they had to pay directly to the king, since Parliament could not vote to give him any budget. Many also did not like the King's closest adviser, William Laud, who was trying to force the Church of England to use the same AnglicanPrayer Book and stop the many other Protestant denominations that were becoming popular at that time.
When the king and the Archbishop then tried to force a Prayer Book on Scotland, which was even more Protestant (Calvinist), armed rebellion broke out there. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms started in with the Bishops' Wars.[3]
The members of Parliament, angry at the things that had been going on for 11 years, did not want to give him money to fight his war.
Instead, they spent the session complaining about what had been going on in the country for the last 11 years.
So after only three weeks, Charles dissolved Parliament again. For this reason, it was known as the Short Parliament. Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly, and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have.
These wars were a failure for the king, and his position forced Charles to convene the Parliament of England in [3] Parliament voted that the King had to call Parliament, and could not shut them down again.
Charles had no choice but to agree. This Parliament is known as the Long Parliament, because it ended up lasting for twenty years, until
Charles was in a weak position, and he had to agree to acts of parliament that took away many of his royal powers.[3] Laud and Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford were both impeached and later were executed.
Charles the 1st biography of mahatma From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties. This pushed opponents of policies such as the forced loan into having to confront the crown much more directly than was appropriate, with damaging consequences for political stability. Charli XCX. Frederick II of Denmark.Parliament also tried to take control of the army away from the king. Many political conservatives were not pleased with this plan. Acting on the advice of his wife Queen Maria Henrietta, the king went with soldiers to the House of Commons in and tried to arrest his political enemies. They had gone. After this failure, the king left London and went to travel the country to look for help.
With a collection of his political friends, Charles began the English Civil War with an army at Nottingham, and then moved to Oxford.[3]
The army of Parliament got the upper hand in this war, and Charles, after a crushing defeat in , went to the Scots for protection. They decided to hand him over to the Parliament of England in
The war was a failure for the king, and Charles was made a prisoner.[3] The king got out of Hampton Court Palace in and ran away to Carisbrooke Castle, on the Isle of Wight.[3]
The governor of the Isle of Wight was on the side of Parliament and made the king a prisoner again.
While he was being held at Carisbrooke Castle, Charles made an agreement with the Scots who joined his side, and the fighting started again in
Charles's many enemies then fought among themselves in spring [3] Because he was still making trouble for them even while he was captured, Parliament voted to put the king on trial.
The army then removed the conservatives from parliament in a political purge in December as an insurance against more fighting. The men left in parliament then formed a court in order to hold a trial of the king. The court gave the king the death penalty.[3] This had never been done to a king of England before.
Biography of mahatma gandhi Execution by decapitation. Charles and Buckingham, James's favourite and a man who had great influence over the prince, [ 25 ] travelled incognito to Spain in February to try to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish match. Although born in Scotland, Charles had become estranged from it; his first visit since early childhood was for his Scottish coronation in They were permitted to visit him on 29 January, and he bade them a tearful farewell.Children
[change | change source]| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Charles James, Duke of Cornwall | 13 March | 13 March | Stillborn; unknown burial site. |
| Charles II | 29 May | 6 February | Married Catherine of Braganza (–) in No legitimate children. |
| Mary, Princess Royal | 4 November | 24 December | Married William II, Prince of Orange (–) in Had children. |
| James II, King of England | 14 October | 16 September | Married (1) Anne Hyde (–) in ; had children (2) Mary of Modena (–) in ; had children |
| Elizabeth, Princess of England | 29 December | 8 September | Died young; no children.
Buried Newport, Isle of Wight |
| Anne, Princess of England | 17 March | 8 December | Died young; no children. Buried Westminster Abbey |
| Catherine, Princess of England | 29 January | 29 January | Stillborn; buried Westminster Abbey. |
| Henry, Duke of Gloucester | 8 July | 18 September | Died unmarried; no children.
Buried Westminster Abbey |
| Henrietta, Princess of England | 16 June | 30 June | Married Philippe de France, Duke of Orléans (–) in ; had children |
Death
[change | change source]At the trial he was found guilty. He was decapitated in a public execution outside the Banqueting House of the palace at Whitehall.[3] Some of the members of Parliament who were opposed to killing king Charles were purged, and from this time on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the Rump Parliament.
This Parliament took complete power in England, and there was not a new king at all until