V.v. giri father name

V. V. Giri

President of India from to

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August – 24 June ), better known as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and activist who served as the fourth president of India from 24 August to 24 August He also served as the third vice president of India from 13 May to 3 May He was the first president to be elected as an independent candidate.[3] He was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as president in [4] After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Government of India with the Bharat Ratna in Giri died on 24 June

Early life and family

V.

V. Giri was born in Berhampur, Madras Presidency (present-day Odisha) in a TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur for their bright future. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and political activist of the Indian National Congress who had been working at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national movement in Berhampur during the Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements and was arrested for leading a strike for prohibition during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]

Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.[8]

Giri completed his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher education at the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras University, in Chennai.[9] V.V.

Giri was also elected to the student union of Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active in freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur.

In , he moved to Ireland to study law at University College Dublin and the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between and [10] Giri was one among the first group of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course at UCD in – This was a requirement for being called to the Irish Bar through study at the King's Inns.

In total, 50 Indian students studied at UCD between and [11]

Giri and a fellow law student also enrolled in the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met Thomas MacDonagh, and Political Economy. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Thomas A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]

During the First World War, Giri travelled from Dublin to London and met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi wanted Giri to join the Imperial war effort as a Red Cross Volunteer.

Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his decision. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri of the obligation to join the Red Cross and did not breathe a word about it to anyone.”[12]

Giri was active in both Indian and Irish politics during his studies.

Along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Intelligence and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.[11] Meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, a UCD student magazine.[13]

He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the Rising including James Connolly, Pádraig H.

Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Indian students were subjected to police raids following the Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland on 1 June [16][17]

Career

Upon returning to India in Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a member of the Congress party, attended its Lucknow session and joined the Home Rule Movement of Annie Besant.[19] Giri abandoned a flourishing legal career in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for a Non-Cooperation Movement in [20] In , he was arrested for the first time for demonstrating against the sale of liquor shops.[18]

Role in the labour movement

Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.[21] Giri was a founding member of the All India Railwaymen's Federation which was formed in and served as its general secretary for over a decade.[22][23][24] He was elected president of the All India Trade Union Congress for the first time in [25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in led the workers of the Bengal Nagpur Railway in a non violent strike for the rights of retrenched workers.

The strike succeeded in forcing the British Indian government and the management of the railway company to concede the workers' demands and is regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.[18][21][24] In , the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, N.

M. Joshi and others with Giri as the president. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Labour. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to cooperate with the commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.[26] The ITUF merged with the AITUC in and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time in [27][28]

Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the International Labour Conference of the ILO in [29] At the Second Round Table Conference, Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.[30]

Electoral career in British India

Giri became a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly in [31] He remained its member until and emerged a spokesman for matters of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]

In the General Elections of , Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly.

Between and , he was Minister for Labour and Industry in the Congress government headed by C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress in In , the Congress ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to make India a party in the Second World War.

Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison until March [30]

Following the launch of the Quit India Movement, Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in [34] He remained in prison when the AITUC met in Nagpur in where he was the president elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in [30]

In the General Elections of , Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under T.

Prakasam.[30]

Career in independent India

From to , Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections of , he was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in the Madras State.[39]

Union Minister for Labour (–)

On being elected to Parliament, Giri was appointed Minister of Labour in [40] His policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[41] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and workers as the means for resolving industrial disputes.

It holds that the failure of such negotiations should lead not to compulsory adjudication but to further negotiations through conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences with the government over patronage to trade unions, trade union and government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's decision to reduce the wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in August [44][45][46]

In the General Elections of , Giri lost from the Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri played an important role in founding the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE).[50] In June , he was appointed Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[51]

Gubernatorial tenures (–)

Between and , Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (–), Kerala (–) and Karnataka (–).

Governor of Kerala (–)

Giri was sworn in as the second Governor of Kerala on 1 July [53] As Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the Planning Commission led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Third Five Year Plan.[54] When defections from the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a minority, Giri recommended the imposition of President's Rule in Kerala after determining that an alternative government could not be formed.[55] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in Since no party had a majority and no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri again recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition of President's Rule in the state.[56]

Vice president (–) and acting president of India ()

Giri was elected the third vice president of India on 13 May , a post he held for nearly two years until 3 May [57] Giri was the first vice president to not complete his full term in office on account of being elevated to the office of the president and was the third vice president to be elected to the presidency.[58]

Following the death in office of President Zakir Husain on 3 May , Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.[59] Giri resigned from his post on 20 July to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[61] He was succeeded as acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]

The election of a new president became a contest between the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the old guard of the Congress Party known as the Syndicate.[64] The All India Congress Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the presidential candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was vice president, resigned and decided to contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi then decided to support him, endorsing a "vote of conscience" that allowed Congress legislators to vote for Giri.[66] The election, held on 16 August , witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C D Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes.

In the final tally, Giri had , votes against the quota of , votes required to be elected president.[68][69]

Following Giri's election, an election petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters.

Giri, unusually for an incumbent president of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.[70]

Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August and held office until 24 August when he was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an acting president and the only person to be elected president as an independent candidate.[62]

As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the Charan Singh ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in [72] The ordinance abolishing privy purses and privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in the Rajya Sabha.[73] His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against the appointment of A.

N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India superseding three judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As president, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in south and southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.[76][77]

Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a loyalist president and a rubber stamp president under whom the independence of the office eroded.[79][80][81] When Giri's term ended in , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential election of [82]

Awards and honours

Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, in for his contributions in the area of public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in [85] Giri was in turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in on the recommendation of Prime Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz.

Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. V. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]

Death

V.V. Giri died of a heart attack in his Madras residency, on 24 June [90]

He was given a state funeral the next day and a week-long mourning period was declared by the Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Vice President of India, adjourned for two days as a mark of respect to him.[92]

Commemoration

A commemorative postage stamp on V.V.

Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in [93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in [95] V.V. Giri's hometown of Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, a secondary training school and a big market that are named after him.[96] donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School.

It is also the first girls' school and a famous secondary government school in Odisha). The British time market 'Victoria Market' is also renamed as GIRI Market in Berhampur. The family members of VV Giri resides in another small bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur.

Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems in Indian Industry, two popular books on issues of labour in India.[97] His memoirs, published in , are titled My Life and Times.[16]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting
  2. ^In the General Elections of and , 83 dual member constituencies electing a member each from the general population and the Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribes was established.

    The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than the Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Scheduled Caste candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict in court. By the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, this system of double member constituencies was abolished.[47][48]

  3. ^Following Giri's resignation, the offices of president and vice president became vacant, with the Constitution of India requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as president.

    Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president during July – August Elected vice president in , he again served as acting president in October He is the only person in India to have served twice as acting president.[62]

See also

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